Published: September 20, 2008 10:09 pm         

OSU Extension Notes 09-21-08

Ag News

Is Tuberculosis a Re-emerging Disease?

Historically, tuberculosis has been a major problem in the United States. It has caused economic losses to livestock producers and serious loss of life to the American public. Because of its potential for great harm, it has been the focus of efforts that had virtually eliminated it in this country by the last half of the 1900s. The public almost got to the point where people didn’t need to fear TB. Pasteurization regulations for milk and dairy products were initiated because the bacteria cannot survive the heat process. The current meat inspection laws were put in place largely to catch infected animals before their meat entered the food chain. Today, there is no danger of contracting the disease from legal meat or dairy products, yet the disease seems to be making a significant comeback due to several unrelated factors.

Most cases of bovine tuberculosis are diagnosed at post mortem inspection of cattle and bison at packing plants. When a diagnosis has been made, state and federal authorities then test the herd of origin and other herds that may have had contact with the herd of origin. States apply for and are granted levels of certified status, which then determines the extent that producers must participate in eradication and monitoring programs. The highest level is TB Free. This allows for relatively unrestricted movement, both interstate and within the state. With the finding of two cases of TB within a state in a four year time period, the level is moved down to MAA or Modified Accredited Advanced. This requires more testing, especially in interstate shipment. The finding of three or more cases within one year moves a state’s status down to Modified Accredited. This requires all breeding animals to be tested within 60 days of shipment and a whole herd test within 12 months. In addition, all feeder animals must have a test prior to movement. Oklahoma is currently TB Free, but we did have a confirmed case in 2006, so one more case by 2010 would see a decrease in status here.

Currently, several states have undergone downgrades, or are preparing for them. Minnesota has had 11 cases in cattle herds and 17 white-tailed deer cases since 2005. Michigan has had a large problem in their deer population with spread to cattle and at least to one deer hunter. California has recently been downgraded after finding tuberculosis in three Fresno county herds. Before deciding that this is all a long way from home, consider that our neighbor, New Mexico, is also having difficulties. Eddy county and Curry county in Eastern New Mexico have had cases. Seven other herds have been designated potential high risk TB herds. In Curry county, approximately 11,500 cows were depopulated. While most of the problems have been in dairy herds, the 2006 case in Oklahoma was a beef cow in a beef herd. So what accounts for this upswing?

One of the biggest factors may be a change in how wildlife populations are managed. Historically, cases of TB in wildlife were considered to occur occasionally as spread from cattle. It was accepted that TB couldn’t maintain itself in free roaming wildlife. In recent years, however, hunters have used feeding and development of food plots to pull deer into areas and baiting to bring them together at selected points. The pendulum has now swung to where deer are serving as a reservoir for cattle due to increased population density and animal to animal contact. According to Dr. Stephen Schmitt, veterinarian in charge of Michigan’s Wildlife Disease Laboratory, “If you treat wildlife like livestock, you’re liable to get a livestock disease.”

When Michigan enacted laws making feeding or baiting of deer illegal in problem areas and redesigned hunting seasons to reduce the deer population to what the land could naturally carry, they greatly reduced the incidence of the disease.

Another factor to consider is that as more cattle movement occurs, it becomes more important to be able to document the movement. It makes a lot of difference what kind of area cattle are moving from, and it is important to be able to identify the animals.

Veterinarians within the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry feel like it is quite possible that the 2006 case of TB confirmed in Oklahoma was actually a cow that came in from another state. The rancher had purchased cows from a neighboring state, but because the individual animals’ identity could not be confirmed as a part of that shipment, Oklahoma was credited with the case.

A third possibility is just starting to be considered by health professionals. TB has long been considered to be a disease transferred from cattle to man, but now researchers are looking at the opposite. It may be that people who reside in other countries where they contract the disease from consuming unpasteurized milk or uninspected meat can carry the disease into this country and introduce it into cattle. In Mexico, TB is widespread and Mycobacterium bovis, the organism that causes bovine TB, affects about 17% of the cattle herds. While human to cattle transmission is still theoretical in the U.S, it has been documented in South Africa where tribesmen contract the disease in their home areas and then carry it to the more populated areas where they are employed to work with livestock.

So what does this mean to Oklahoma cattlemen and what can we do to safeguard our TB Free status? When you add cattle to your herd, make sure that they are long time Oklahoma resident cattle, or be sure you determine their true point of origin. Use a permanent ID system, such as a brucellosis test tag or calfhood vaccinate test tag to identify these additions to your herd. These tags may take an extra effort to record and file but it could help save a lot of grief in the future. Apply careful consideration before enacting or allowing wildlife management plans that include feeding, baiting or increasing wildlife populations. Be careful when screening workers or others that may come in contact with your cattle. If you don’t know the person or their health status, consider requiring a TB test as a condition of employment.

There is no reason for undue alarm or public fear of TB danger, but we have had one case, and we don’t need another. The regulatory veterinarians in the Oklahoma State Veterinarian’s office are working hard to ensure the safety of our herd with the least possible restriction to movement. Common sense management and some eyes-open awareness can help them achieve this goal.

Soybean update

Insects that have been recently observed in soybean fields are flea beetles, stinkbugs, blister beetles and grasshoppers. The stinkbugs and blister beetles will likely cause the most damage. The blister beetle can reduce yield by feeding on the leaves, flowers and young pods that are filling. The stinkbugs will sting the bean through the pod and ruin the bean. The threshold for treating stinkbugs is one insect per foot of row crop. A field should be checked in various areas and if this threshold is met, the field should be treated to prevent yield loss.

The humid weather has provided opportunity for Downy Mildew (DM) to become established. I have observed DM infections in several fields. Other diseases that have been observed are brown spot (Septoria), frog eye leaf spot (Cercospera) and Alternaria infections. Some producers have treated to control foliar diseases.

With the approach of new tropical storms and the recent visit by tropical storm Gustav, there is a strong likelihood that Asian soybean rust (ASR) spores will be blown north from Louisiana and Texas. If the disease does occur in Oklahoma, it will probably arrive too late to cause any significant damage.

Some of the soybeans that were planted in July are still flowering (R-2 growth stage) or are setting pods (R-3). These beans are in a critical development stage and yield can be reduced if the upper third of the leaf canopy becomes severely infected with ASR or other foliar diseases. Producers and extension personnel should be scouting the fields frequently to monitor for the presence or progress of foliar diseases.

As the fields are scouted, note should be taken of the different pests and diseases in each field to determine if the field should be treated. Soybeans can sustain severe foliar damage and still recover to produce a yield. However, during pod fill, the beans should not lose more than about 20% of their leaf surface area (insect and diseases combined) so that photosynthesis is not reduced.



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